Conformational differences among metarhodopsin I, metarhodopsin II, and opsin probed by wide-angle X-ray scattering

Among the photoproducts of vertebrate rhodopsin, only metarhodopsin II (Meta-II) preferentially adopts the active structure in which transmembrane helices are rearranged. Light-induced helical rearrangement of rhodopsin in membrane-embedded form was directly monitored by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) using nanodiscs. The change in the WAXS curve for the formation of Meta-II was characterized by a peak at 0.2 Å⁻¹ and a valley at 0.6 Å⁻¹, which were not observed in metarhodopsin I and opsin. However, acid-induced active opsin (Opsin*) showed a 0.2 Å⁻¹ peak, but no 0.6 Å⁻¹ valley. Analyses using the model structures based on the crystal structures of dark state and Meta-II suggest that the outward movement of helix VI occurred in Opsin*. However, the displaced helices III and V in Meta-II resulting from the disruption of cytoplasmic ionic lock were restored in Opsin*, which is likely to destabilize the G-protein-activating structure of opsin

法制審中間試案における実父子関係の成否 ―従来の議論との関係―

The purpose of this paper is to consider the proposal regarding the Parent-child relationship included in the content of the "Interim Proposal for Revision of the Civil Code (Parent-Child Legislation), etc." published by the Counselor's Office of the Ministry of Justice in February 2021. This paper attempts to clarify the characteristics of the above by examining the relationship with the conventional discussion

民法起草過程における「 別段ノ定 」 等に関する議論の整理 （下）ー強行法・任意法の視点からー

The purpose of this research note is to organize discussions on the “extra provisions” in the drafting process of civil law, from the viewpoint of forced law and voluntary law

プロバイダ法改正の意義 ―プラットフォーム事業者の責任の視点から―

This paper introduces the amendments to the Provider Law and evaluates their significance from the perspective of the responsibility of the platform operator

民法起草過程における「 別段ノ定 」 等に関する議論の整理（上）ー強行法・任意法の視点からー

The purpose of this research note is to organize discussions on the “extra provisions” in the drafting process of civil law, from the viewpoint of forced law and voluntary law

プロバイダの発信者情報開示義務 （上）

This paper discusses some issues about duties of the provider to disclose information of a sender

ネット上の名誉侵害による不法行為

This paper discusses some issues about tort of defamation on websites